![]() ![]() ![]() We also played a match that started from the set of opening positions used in the 2016 TCEC world championship, along with a series of additional matches against the most recent development version of Stockfish, and a variant of Stockfish that uses a strong opening book. In each opening, AlphaZero defeated Stockfish. To verify the robustness of AlphaZero, we also played a series of matches that started from common human openings. In chess, AlphaZero defeated the 2016 TCEC (Season 9) world champion Stockfish, winning 155 games and losing just six games out of 1,000.In each evaluation, AlphaZero convincingly beat its opponent: All matches were played using time controls of three hours per game, plus an additional 15 seconds for each move.A first generation TPU is roughly similar in inference speed to commodity hardware such as an NVIDIA Titan V GPU, although the architectures are not directly comparable. Stockfish and Elmo used 44 CPU cores (as in the TCEC world championship), whereas AlphaZero and AlphaGo Zero used a single machine with 4 first-generation TPUs and 44 CPU cores. Each program ran on the hardware for which they were designed.The fully trained systems were tested against the strongest hand-crafted engines for chess ( Stockfish) and shogi ( Elmo), along with our previous self-taught system AlphaGo Zero, the strongest Go player known. Garry Kasparov, Former World Chess Champion I can’t disguise my satisfaction that it plays with a very dynamic style, much like my own! It describes how AlphaZero quickly learns each game to become the strongest player in history for each, despite starting its training from random play, with no in-built domain knowledge but the basic rules of the game. Today, we are delighted to introduce the full evaluation of AlphaZero, published in the journal Science ( Open Access version here), that confirms and updates those preliminary results. We were excited by the preliminary results and thrilled to see the response from members of the chess community, who saw in AlphaZero’s games a ground-breaking, highly dynamic and “ unconventional ” style of play that differed from any chess playing engine that came before it. In late 2017 we introduced AlphaZero, a single system that taught itself from scratch how to master the games of chess, shogi (Japanese chess), and Go, beating a world-champion program in each case. ![]()
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